Anatomical classification of adductor magnus perforator flap and its application in head and neck reconstruction / 中华耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志

Objective: To investigate the anatomical classification of adductor magnus perforator flap and its application in head and neck reconstruction. Methods: From January 2017 to January 2020, Hunan Cancer Hospital treated 27 cases of oral tumor patients (15 cases of tongue cancer, 9 cases of gingival cancer and 3 cases of buccal cancer), including 24 males and 3 females, aged 31-56 years old. The course of disease was 1-12 months. Secondary soft tissue defects with the sizes of 5.0 cm × 3.5 cm to 11.0 cm × 8.0 cm were left after radical resection of the tumors, and were repaired with free adductor magnus perforator flaps. The flaps based on the origing locations of perforator vessels were divided into three categories: ① intramuscular perforator: vessel originated between the gracilis muscle and the adductor magnus or passed through a few adductor magnus muscles; ② adductor magnus middle layer perforator: vessel run between the deep and superficial layers of adductor magnus; ③ adductor magnus deep layer perforator: vessel run between the deep layer of adductor magnus and the semimembranous muscle. Descriptive analysis was used in this research. Results: Perforator vessels of adductor magnus were found in all cases, with a total of 62 perforator branches of adductor magnus. The anatomical classification of the perforator vessels was as follows: 12 branches for class ①, 31 branches for class ② and 19 branches for class ③. The vascular pedicles of the free adductor major perforator flaps included type ① for 3 cases, type ② for 16 cases and type ③ for 8 cases. All 27 flaps survived and the donor sites were closed directly. In 18 cases, the perforator arteries and the venae comitan were respectively anastomosed with the superior thyroid arteries and veins. In 9 cases, the pedicle arteries and the venae comitan were respectively anastomosed with the facial arteries and veins. Follow up for 12-40 months showed that the appearances of the flaps and the swallowing and language functions of patients were satisfactory, apart from linear scars were left in the donor sites with no significant affect on the functions of thigh. Local recurrence occurred in 3 cases and radical surgeries were performed again followed by repairs with pedicled pectoralis major myocutaneous flaps. Cervical lymph node metastasis occurred in 2 cases and cervical lymph node dissection was performed again. Conclusions: The adductor magnus perforator flap has soft texture, constant perforator vessel anatomy, flexible donor location and harvesting forms, and less damage to the donor site. It is an ideal choice for postoperative reconstruction in head and neck tumors.

Different forms of free radial collateral artery perforator flaps for reconstruction after removal of oral tumors / 中华耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志

Objective: To investigate the efficacies of different forms of free radial collateral artery perforator flaps in repairing the defects after oral tumor surgeries. Methods: From May 2016 to March 2021, 28 patients (22 males, 6 females, aged 35-62 years) with oral tumors admitted by Hunan Cancer Hospital received the reconstructive surgeries with the free radial collateral artery perforator flaps after removal of oral tumors, including 24 cases of tongue cancer (11 cases of tongue marginal cancer, 9 cases of tongue belly cancer and 4 cases of tongue cancer involved in the floor of the mouth) and 4 cases of buccal and oral cancer. Four forms of radial collateral artery perforator flaps were used: single perforator flaps for 6 cases, double perforators flaps for 7 cases, flaps without perforator visualization for 10 cases and chimeric perforator myocutaneous flaps for 5 cases. The recipient vessels were the superior thyroid artery and superior thyroid vein, and if second concomitant vein available, it was anastomosed with internal jugular vein in end-to-side fashion. SPSS 20.0 statistical software was used to analyze the data. Results: The mean length of flaps was (9.7±0.4) cm, mean width (4.4±0.3) cm and mean thickness (1.1±0.4) cm. The mean length of the vascular pedicles was (7.1±0.6)cm (6.0-8.0 cm), the mean diameter of the radial accessory arteries was (1.1±0.3)mm (0.8-1.3 mm). Eleven cases(39.3%) had respectively one accompanying vein and 17 cases(60.7%) had respectively two accompanying veins, with the mean diameter of (1.1±0.3) mm (0.8-1.3 mm). All the 28 flaps survived, the donor and recipient wounds healed in one stage, the appearances of the flaps were satisfactory, only linear scars remained in the donor sites, and the upper arm functions were not significantly affected. Follow up for 12-43 months showed that the flaps were soft with partially mucosalization, the reconstructed tongue and buccal cavity were in good shape, and the swallowing and language functions were satisfactory. The swallowing and language functions were retained to the greatest extent in 3 cases with near total tongue resection, although the functions were still significantly affected. There was no local recurrence of the tumor during follow-up. One case had regional lymph node metastasis, and further lymph node dissection and comprehensive treatment were performed, with satisfactory outcomes. Conclusions: The vascular pedicle of the radial collateral artery perforator flap has a constant anatomy, which can be prepared in different forms to improve the safety of the operation and minimize the donor site damage. It is an ideal choice for the repair of small and medium-sized defects after oral tumor surgery.

The clinic application of thoracodorsal artery perforator flap: a report of 16 cases / 中华整形外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the effects of free and pedicled thoracodorsal artery perforator (TDAP) flaps for repairing skin and soft tissue defects in limbs, neck, axillary and shoulder.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>From October 2009 to Auguest 2011, 16 TDAP flaps were used to repair skin and tissue defects. Among them, five ipsilateral pedicled flaps were used to repair wounds in neck, axillary and shoulder. 11 free TDAP flaps were used to repair the wounds with bone or tendon exposure. In 12 cases, the flaps were pedicled with thoracodorsal artery and vein-lateral branches-perforators, in 4 cases, pedicled with thoracodorsal artery and vein-serratus anterior muscular branches-perforators. The deep fascia, the latissimus dorsi and thoracodorsal nerve were not included in all flaps. The flaps size ranged from 10 cm x 5 cm to 26 cm x 10 cm.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>All 16 flaps survived completely with primary healing both at donor site and recipent area. After a follow-up of 3 to 24 months, all flaps gained good texture and appearance. Only linear scar was left at donor area. The shoulder could move freely.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>TDAP flap has good texture, long vascular pedicle,and reliable blood supply, leaving less morbidity at donor site. The latissimus dorsi and thoracodorsal nerve are also preserved. The pedicled TDAP flap is an ideal flap for repairing the ipsilateral skin and soft tissue defects of the neck, shoulder, axillary. The free TDAP flap is suited for repairing skin and soft tissue defects of the extremities.</p>

Effect of lentiviral vector encoding on triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 1 on expression of inflammatory cytokine in septic mice infected by Bacteroides fragilis / 中华烧伤杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the effect of triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 1 (TREM-1) vshRNA vector on expression of inflammatory cytokines and survival rate in septic mice infected by Bacteroides fragilis.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>(1) TREM-1 vshRNA vector was constructed. Bacteroides fragilis (2.5 x 10(9) CFU/mL, 0.5 mL) was intraperitoneally injected in each mouse, and septic model was reproduced after 12 hours. (2) One hundred and fifteen mice were divided into healthy control group (n = 3, HC), sepsis group (n = 28, S), TREM-1 vshRNA group (n = 28, T), TREM-1 vshRNA hd group (n = 28, Th), GFP group (n = 28, G) according to random number table. Mice in S, T, Th, G groups were firstly injected with isotonic saline, TREM-1 vshRNA 2 x 10(8) TU, TREM-1 vshRNA 1 x 10(8) TU, GFP siRNA through tail vein, and then sepsis was induced after 1 hour. Mice in HC group were injected with equal volume of isotonic saline through tail vein. Three mice in each group were sacrificed after 12 hours for determination of plasma level of TNF-alpha, IL-1 beta and IL-6, and level of TREM-1mRNA and its protein in hepatic tissue. The survival rate of other mice in each group was monitored for 72 hours. (3) In 125 mice sepsis was reproduced, among them 100 mice were injected with TREM-1 vshRNA 2 x 10(8) TU after 1, 2, 4, 6 hours through tail vein (25 mice at each time point), other 25 mice were injected with equal volume of isotonic saline as control. The survival rate of mice in each group was recorded 72 hours after injection.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>(1) Compared with those in S group, the plasma level of TNF-alpha, IL-1 beta and IL-6 lowered in T and Th groups (P < 0.05), especially in T group, while those in G group showed no obvious difference (P > 0.05). (2) Compared with those in G group, the level of TREM-1mRNA and its protein in hepatic tissue in T and Th groups decreased (P < 0.01), especially in T group. (3) The survival rate of mice in S and G group was 16%, which was obviously lower than that in T and Th groups (76%, 44%, respectively, P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). (4) The survival rate of mice at 1, 2, 4, 6 hours after injection was 72%, 56%, 40%, 16%, respectively, while all that except at 6 hour after injection were higher significantly than that of control (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The intervention with TREM-1 vshRNA can effectively decrease hepatic level of TREM-1 in septic mice induced by Bacteroides fragilis, inhibit inflammatory response, and improve the survival rate.</p>